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URL encoding, also called "percent-encoding", is a way to encode information in a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). While it is commonly referred to as URL encoding, it is actually used more broadly in the main URI set, which includes both URLs and URNs. It is also used in preparing data for the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" media type, often used in submitting HTML form data in HTTP requests.
Types of URI characters
The characters that can be used in a URI are categorized as either reserved or unreserved, with the option of using a percent character as part of percent-encoding. Reserved characters are those that may have specific meanings, such as forward slashes used to separate parts of a URL or URI. Unreserved characters do not have any special meanings. Reserved characters can be represented using special character sequences through percent-encoding. The lists of reserved and unreserved characters, as well as the instances where reserved characters have special meanings, have evolved slightly with each new version of the specifications that regulate URIs and URI schemes.
Percent-encoding reserved characters
When a character that is designated as "reserved" has a specific purpose in a certain context, and a URI scheme requires that character to be used for another purpose, it must be percent-encoded. Percent-encoding a reserved character involves converting it to its ASCII byte value and representing that value as a pair of hexadecimal digits preceded by a percent sign ("%"). This encoded value is then used in the URI instead of the reserved character. For non-ASCII characters, they are typically converted to their byte sequence in UTF-8 and each byte value is represented in the same way.
For example, the reserved character "/" is used as a delimiter between path segments in the "path" component of a URI. If a URI scheme requires "/" to be included in a path segment, it must be represented as "%2F" (or "%2f") instead of simply using a "/".